Moldova

Republic of Moldova

Europe Chisinau in Romanian

Population

3.58M

Area

33,851 km²

GDP

$18.20B

GDP Per Capita

$16,500

Pop. Density

106/km²

Quick Facts

Currency

LMoldovan leu(MDL)

Calling Code

+373

Timezone

UTC+02:00

Languages

Romanian

Driving Side

right

Demonym

Moldovan

Background

A large portion of present-day Moldovan territory became a province of the Russian Empire in 1812 and then unified with Romania in 1918 in the aftermath of World War I. This territory was then incorporated into the Soviet Union at the close of World War II. Although Moldova has been independent from the Soviet Union since 1991, Russian forces have remained on Moldovan territory east of the Nistru River in the breakaway region of Transnistria.

Years of Communist Party rule in Moldova from 2001 to 2009 ultimately ended with election-related violent protests and a rerun of parliamentary elections in 2009. A series of pro-Europe ruling coalitions governed Moldova from 2010 to 2019, but pro-Russia candidate Igor DODON won the presidency in 2016, and his Socialist Party of the Republic of Moldova won a plurality in the legislative election in 2019. Pro-EU reformist candidate Maia SANDU defeated DODON in his reelection bid in 2020, and SANDU's Party of Action and Solidarity won a parliamentary majority in an early legislative election in 2021. Prime Minister Natalia GAVRILITA and her cabinet took office in 2021. In early 2023, Moldova's parliament confirmed a new cabinet led by Prime Minister Dorin RECEAN, which retained the majority of the former ministers.

Historical Trends

GDP (USD)

↑434.0% since 2006

$3B (2006)$18B (2024)

Population

↓16.6% since 2006

2.9M (2006)2.4M (2024)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Latest: 71.2 years

2006: 68.4 years2023: 71.2 years

Data source: World Bank Open Data

Geography19

Location

Eastern Europe, northeast of Romania

Geographic coordinates

47 00 N, 29 00 E

Map references

Europe

Area

total : 33,851 sq km
land: 32,891 sq km
water: 960 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Maryland

Land boundaries

total: 1,885 km
border countries: Romania 683 km; Ukraine 1202 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Climate

moderate winters, warm summers

Terrain

rolling steppe, gradual slope south to Black Sea

Elevation

highest point: Dealul Balanesti 430 m
lowest point: Dniester (Nistru) 2 m
mean elevation: 139 m

Natural resources

lignite, phosphorites, gypsum, limestone, arable land

Land use

agricultural land

74.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 56.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 8.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 9.4% (2023 est.)

forest

11.3% (2023 est.)

other

13.8% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

2,150 sq km (2022)

Major rivers (by length in km)

Dunărea (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km; Nistru (Dniester) (shared with Ukraine [s/m]) - 1,411 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Population distribution

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Natural hazards

landslides

Geography - note

landlocked; has many types of sedimentary rocks and minerals, including sand, gravel, gypsum, and limestone

People & Society33

Population

total: 3,578,930 (2025 est.)
male: 1,687,496
female: 1,891,434

Nationality

noun: Moldovan(s)
adjective: Moldovan

Ethnic groups

Moldovan 75.1%, Romanian 7%, Ukrainian 6.6%, Gagauz 4.6%, Russian 4.1%, Bulgarian 1.9%, other 0.8% (2014 est.)

Languages

Languages: Moldovan/Romanian 80.2% (official) (56.7% Moldovan; 23.5% Romanian), Russian 9.7%, Gagauz 4.2% (a Turkish language), Ukrainian 3.9%, Bulgarian 1.5%, Romani 0.3%, other 0.2% (2014)
major-language sample(s):
Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Moldovan/Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions

Orthodox 90.1%, other Christian 2.6%, other 0.1%, agnostic <0.1%, atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.9% (2014 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.8% (male 266,493/female 266,166)
15-64 years: 70.2% (male 1,225,535/female 1,300,640)
65 years and over: 15% (2024 est.) (male 206,221/female 334,473)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 43 (2025 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 20.8 (2025 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 22.2 (2025 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.5 (2025 est.)

Median age

total: 40.4 years (2025 est.)
male: 38.6 years
female: 41.3 years

Population growth rate

-0.57% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

8.35 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

14.06 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

pockets of agglomeration exist throughout the country, with the largest in the center of the country around the capital of Chisinau, followed by Tiraspol and Balti

Urbanization

urban population: 43.4% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 0.09% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

488,000 CHISINAU (capital) (2023)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.62 male(s)/female
total population: 0.89 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2019 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 13.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 16 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 11.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 70.1 years (2024 est.)
male: 66.1 years
female: 74.4 years

Total fertility rate

1.27 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.61 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban

urban: 97.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 87.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 92% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 12.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 8% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 12.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

4.02 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Hospital bed density

5.7 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban

urban: 98.7% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 82.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 89.7% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.3% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 17.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 10.3% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

18.9% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 7.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 1.53 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 3.57 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0.1 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 28.7% (2025 est.)
male: 54.2% (2025 est.)
female: 6.4% (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

68.7% (2020 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 6.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 16% national budget (2024 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 15 years (2023 est.)
male: 15 years (2023 est.)
female: 15 years (2023 est.)

Government23

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Moldova

conventional short form

Moldova

local long form

Republica Moldova

local short form

Moldova

former

Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic

etymology

named for the Moldova River in neighboring eastern Romania; the river's name probably comes from the Indoeuropean root word mel, meaning "dark" or "black"

Government type

parliamentary republic

Capital

name: Chisinau in Romanian (Kishinev in Russian)
geographic coordinates: 47 00 N, 28 51 E
time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: origin unclear but may derive from the Old Moldovan word kishineu ("spring" or "artesian well")

Administrative divisions

32 districts (raioane, singular - raion), 3 municipalities (municipii, singular - municipiul), 1 autonomous territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala autonoma), and 1 territorial unit (unitatea teritoriala)

districts: Anenii Noi, Basarabeasca, Briceni, Cahul, Cantemir, Calarasi, Causeni, Cimislia, Criuleni, Donduseni, Drochia, Dubasari, Edinet, Falesti, Floresti, Glodeni, Hincesti, Ialoveni, Leova, Nisporeni, Ocnita, Orhei, Rezina, Riscani, Singerei, Soldanesti, Soroca, Stefan Voda, Straseni, Taraclia, Telenesti, Ungheni

municipalities: Balti, Bender, Chisinau

autonomous territorial unit: Gagauzia

territorial unit: Stinga Nistrului (Transnistria)

Legal system

civil law system with Germanic law influences; Constitutional Court reviews legislative acts

Constitution

history: previous 1978; latest adopted 29 July 1994, effective 27 August 1994
amendment process: proposed by voter petition (at least 200,000 eligible voters), by at least one third of Parliament members, or by the government; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of Parliament within one year of initial proposal; revisions to constitutional articles on sovereignty, independence, and neutrality require majority vote by referendum; articles on fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: no
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Moldova
dual citizenship recognized: no
residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Executive branch

chief of state

President Maia SANDU (since 24 December 2020)

head of government

Prime Minister Alexandru MUNTEANU (since 1 November 2025)

cabinet

Cabinet proposed by the prime minister-designate, nominated by the president, approved through a vote of confidence in Parliament

election/appointment process

president directly elected for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister designated by the president in consultation with Parliament; within 15 days from designation, the prime minister-designate must request a vote of confidence for his/her proposed work program from the Parliament

most recent election date

3 November 2024

election results

2024: In the second round of presidential elections, incumbent Maia SANDU (PAS) wins 55.4% of the vote, Alexandr STOIANOGLO (PSRM) 44.6; turnout is 54.3%

2020: Maia SANDU elected president in second round; percent of vote in second round - Maia SANDU (PAS) 57.7%, Igor DODON (PSRM) 42.3%

expected date of next election

2028

Legislative branch

legislature name

Parliament (Parlament)

legislative structure

unicameral

number of seats

101 (all directly elected)

electoral system

proportional representation

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

4 years

most recent election date

9/28/2025

parties elected and seats per party

Action and Solidarity Party (PAS) (55); Electoral Bloc “Patriotic of Socialists, Communists, Heart and Future of Moldova” (26); Alternative Bloc (8); Our Party (6); Democracy at Home Party (6)

percentage of women in chamber

37.6%

expected date of next election

September 2029

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice (consists of the chief judge, 3 deputy-chief judges, 45 judges, and 7 assistant judges); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president and 6 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court of Justice judges appointed by the president on the recommendation of the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body of judicial officials; all judges serve 4-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court judges appointed 2 each by Parliament, the president, and the Higher Council of Magistracy for 6-year terms; court president elected by other court judges for a 3-year term
subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; Court of Business Audit; municipal courts

Political parties

Common Action Party - Civil Congress or PAC-CC
Democracy at Home Party or PPDA
Future of Moldova Party or PVM
National Alternative Movement or MAN
Our Party or PN
Party of Action and Solidarity or PAS
Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova or PCRM
Party of Development and Consolidation of Moldova or PDCM
Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova or PSRM

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission: Ambassador Vladislav KULMINSKI (since 5 September 2025)
chancery: 2101 S Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 667-1130
FAX: [1] (202) 667-2624
email address and website:
[email protected]

https://sua.mfa.gov.md/en

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d’Affaires Nick PIETROWICZ (since 2025)

embassy

103 Mateevici Street, Chisinau MD-2009

mailing address

7080 Chisinau Place, Washington DC  20521-7080

telephone

[373] (22) 408-300

FAX

[373] (22) 233-044

email address and website

[email protected]

https://md.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CIS, EAEU (observer), EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, GUAM, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Independence

27 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

National holiday

Independence Day, 27 August (1991)

Flag

description: three equal vertical bands of Prussian blue (left side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; the Moldavan coat of arms in the center is a dark gold Roman eagle outlined in black, with a red beak and talons; the eagle carries a yellow cross in its beak, a green olive branch in its right talons, and a yellow scepter in its left talons; on the eagle's breast is a red-and-blue shield divided horizontally, with a stylized aurochs head, star, rose, and crescent in black and outlined yellow; the reverse of the flag displays a mirror image of the coat of arms

history: replaced the communist flag in 1990; the coat of arms is based on traditional designs

National symbol(s)

aurochs (type of wild cattle)

National color(s)

blue, yellow, red

National anthem(s)

title: "Limba noastra" (Our Tongue)
lyrics/music: Alexei MATEEVICI/Alexandru CRISTEA
history: adopted 1994; originally a 12-verse poem, but only stanzas 1, 2, 5, 9, and 12 are included in the anthem

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Struve Geodetic Arc

Economy31

Economic overview

upper middle-income Eastern European economy; sustained growth reversed by COVID-19; significant remittances; Russian energy and regional dependence; agricultural exporter; declining workforce due to emigration and low fertility

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $39.342 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $39.301 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $38.835 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2024: 0.1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 1.2% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -4.6% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2024: $16,500 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $16,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $15,400 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$18.2 billion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 4.7% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 13.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 28.7% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 7.1% (2024 est.)
industry: 16.8% (2024 est.)
services: 62.3% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption

86.8% (2024 est.)

government consumption

17.9% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

20% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

1.1% (2024 est.)

exports of goods and services

31.4% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-57.3% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products

wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, grapes, apples, sugar beets, barley, milk, rapeseed, potatoes (2023)

Industries

sugar processing, vegetable oil, food processing, agricultural machinery; foundry equipment, refrigerators and freezers, washing machines; hosiery, shoes, textiles

Industrial production growth rate

3.3% (2024 est.)

Labor force

1.358 million (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2024: 1.5% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 1.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 0.9% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 3.3% (2024 est.)
male: 3.4% (2024 est.)
female: 3.3% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

31.1% (2022 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 25.9 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 4.5% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 22.5% (2022 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2024: 10.5% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 12% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 14% of GDP (2022 est.)

Budget

revenues: $5.197 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $6.037 billion (2023 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2023: 34.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.6% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2024: -$2.917 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.893 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$2.482 billion (2022 est.)

Exports

Exports 2024: $5.717 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $5.866 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $5.981 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - partners

Romania 31%, Ukraine 13%, Italy 6%, Germany 6%, Czechia 4% (2023)

Exports - commodities

insulated wire, garments, refined petroleum, seed oils, wheat (2023)

Imports

Imports 2024: $10.418 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $9.84 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $10.265 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - partners

Romania 16%, Ukraine 13%, China 11%, Turkey 8%, Germany 7% (2023)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, natural gas, cars, packaged medicine, plastic products (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $5.484 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $5.453 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $4.474 billion (2022 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023: $2.637 billion (2023 est.)

Exchange rates

Currency

Moldovan lei (MDL) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

17.792 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

18.164 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

18.897 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

17.68 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

17.322 (2020 est.)

Energy7

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 779,000 kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.674 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 94 million kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 1.264 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 550.069 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 88% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 1.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 3.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: 6.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
biomass and waste: 0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

consumption: 90,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
imports: 86,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 22,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Natural gas

production: 10,000 cubic meters (2021 est.)
consumption: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 2.223 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 35.686 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications6

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 847,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 28 (2023 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 3.64 million (2024 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2024 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned national radio-TV broadcaster operates 1 TV and 1 radio station; total of nearly 70 terrestrial TV channels and about 50 radio stations; Russian and Romanian channels are available (2019)

Internet country code

.md

Internet users

percent of population: 80% (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 841,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 27 (2023 est.)

Transportation5

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

10 (2025)

Heliports

1 (2025)

Railways

total: 1,171 km (2014)
standard gauge: 14 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge
broad gauge: 1,157 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

Merchant marine

total: 75 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 1, container ship 1, general cargo 44, oil tanker 7, other 22

Military & Security6

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Moldova (Forțele Armate ale Republicii Moldova): National Army (comprised of Land Forces, Air Force)

Ministry of Internal Affairs: General Inspectorate of Police (GPI), Border Police Department, Carabinieri Troops Department (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2024: 0.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 0.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military Expenditures 2020: 0.4% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,500 Moldovan Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is limited and almost entirely comprised of Soviet-era equipment; in recent years, it has received small amounts of donated equipment from some Western European nations and the US (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; male registration required at age 16; 12-month service obligation; conscientious objectors can perform non-military service in public institutions for a longer period (up to 24 months) (2025)

Military - note

the National Army is responsible for defense against external aggression, suppressing illegal military violence along the state border or inside the country, and supporting other internal security forces in maintaining public order if necessary; its primary focuses are Transnistrian separatist forces and their Russian backers; the 1992 war between Moldovan forces and the Transnistrian separatists backed by Russian troops ended with a cease-fire; the separatists maintain several armed paramilitary combat units, plus other security forces and reserves; Russia maintains approximately 1,500 troops in the breakaway region, including some Transnistrian locals who serve as Russian troops; some of those troops are under the authority of a peacekeeping force known as a Joint Control Commission that also includes Moldovan and separatist personnel, while the remainder of the Russian contingent guard a depot of Soviet-era ammunition and train separatist forces

Moldova is constitutionally neutral but has maintained a relationship with NATO since 1992 and since 2022 has enhanced bilateral security cooperation with some NATO members; it has contributed small numbers of troops to NATO’s Kosovo Force (KFOR) since 2014, and a civilian NATO liaison office was established in Moldova in 2017 at the request of the Moldovan Government to promote practical cooperation and facilitate support; in 2024, Moldova signed a security and defense partnership agreement with the EU; it maintains close security relations with Romania, a member of the EU and NATO (2025)

Transnational Issues1

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees: 136,845 (2024 est.)
IDPs: 6 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 3,164 (2024 est.)

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