Luxembourg

Grand Duchy of Luxembourg

Europe Luxembourg

Population

671.3K

Area

2,586 km²

GDP

$93.20B

GDP Per Capita

$128,200

Pop. Density

260/km²

Quick Facts

Currency

€euro(EUR)

Calling Code

+352

Timezone

UTC+01:00

Languages

German, French, Luxembourgish

Driving Side

right

Demonym

Luxembourger

Background

Founded in 963, Luxembourg became a grand duchy in 1815 and a constituent part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands after the Congress of Vienna. When Belgium declared independence from the Netherlands in 1839, Luxembourg lost more than half of its territory to Belgium but gained a larger measure of autonomy within the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Luxembourg gained full independence in 1867 by promising to remain permanently neutral. Overrun by Germany in both world wars, its neutrality ended in 1948 when it entered into the Benelux Customs Union and joined NATO the following year. In 1957, Luxembourg became one of the six founding countries of the EEC (later the EU), and in 1999 it joined the euro currency zone.

Historical Trends

GDP (USD)

↑117.4% since 2006

$43B (2006)$93B (2024)

Population

↑43.2% since 2006

472,637 (2006)677,012 (2024)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Latest: 83.4 years

2006: 79.3 years2023: 83.4 years

Data source: World Bank Open Data

Geography18

Location

Western Europe, between France and Germany

Geographic coordinates

49 45 N, 6 10 E

Map references

Europe

Area

total : 2,586 sq km
land: 2,586 sq km
water: 0 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Rhode Island; about half the size of Delaware

Land boundaries

total: 327 km
border countries: Belgium 130 km; France 69 km; Germany 128 km

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Climate

modified continental with mild winters, cool summers

Terrain

mostly gently rolling uplands with broad, shallow valleys; uplands to slightly mountainous in the north; steep slope down to Moselle flood plain in the southeast

Elevation

highest point: Buurgplaatz 559 m
lowest point: Moselle River 133 m
mean elevation: 325 m

Natural resources

iron ore (no longer exploited), arable land

Land use

agricultural land

51.7% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 23.8% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0.6% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 27.1% (2023 est.)

forest

34.5% (2023 est.)

other

13.9% (2023 est.)

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2012)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Rhine-Maas (198,735 sq km)

Population distribution

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Natural hazards

occasional flooding

Geography - note

landlocked

People & Society33

Population

total: 671,254 (2024 est.)
male: 338,702
female: 332,552

Nationality

noun: Luxembourger(s)
adjective: Luxembourg

Ethnic groups

Luxembourger 52.9%, Portuguese 14.5%, French 7.6%, Italian 3.7%, Belgian 3%, German 2%, Spanish 1.3%, Romania 1%, other 14% (2022 est.)

Languages

Luxembourgish (official administrative, judicial, and national language) 48.9%, Portuguese 15.4%, French (official administrative, judicial, and legislative language) 14.9%, Italian 3.6%, English 3.6%, German (official administrative and judicial language) 2.9%, other 10.8% (2021 est.)

Religions

Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic) 70.6%, Muslim 2.3%, other (includes Buddhist, folk religions, Hindu, Jewish) 0.4%, unaffiliated 26.7% (2020 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 16.7% (male 57,921/female 54,484)
15-64 years: 67.1% (male 231,214/female 219,497)
65 years and over: 16.1% (2024 est.) (male 49,567/female 58,571)

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 46.6 (2024 est.)
youth dependency ratio: 23.2 (2024 est.)
elderly dependency ratio: 23.4 (2024 est.)
potential support ratio: 4.3 (2024 est.)

Median age

total: 40.1 years (2025 est.)
male: 39.4 years
female: 40.4 years

Population growth rate

1.26% (2025 est.)

Birth rate

9.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

6.66 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Net migration rate

10.06 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Population distribution

most people live in the south, on or near the border with France

Urbanization

urban population: 92.1% of total population (2023)
rate of urbanization: 1.43% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Major urban areas - population

120,000 LUXEMBOURG (capital) (2018)

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0-14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.85 male(s)/female
total population: 1.02 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

31 years (2020 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio

12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
male: 3.6 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 2.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 83.4 years (2024 est.)
male: 80.9 years
female: 85.9 years

Total fertility rate

1.25 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.62 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 98.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 1.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 5.5% of GDP (2022)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11% of national budget (2022 est.)

Physician density

2.98 physicians/1,000 population (2017)

Hospital bed density

4.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: rural

rural: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

22.6% (2016)

Alcohol consumption per capita

total: 11 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
beer: 4.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
wine: 4.73 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
spirits: 2.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Tobacco use

total: 21% (2025 est.)
male: 22.1% (2025 est.)
female: 19.9% (2025 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

51.1% (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.5% national budget (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 14 years (2022 est.)
male: 14 years (2022 est.)
female: 15 years (2022 est.)

Government23

Country name

conventional long form: Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
conventional short form: Luxembourg
local long form: Grand Duché de Luxembourg
local short form: Luxembourg
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

Government type

constitutional monarchy

Capital

name: Luxembourg
geographic coordinates: 49 36 N, 6 07 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
etymology: probably derived from an early Celtic or Germanic form of the name, Lucilinburhuc, that was thought to mean "little fortress;" the name first referred to the city and was later used for the country

Administrative divisions

12 cantons; Capellen, Clervaux, Diekirch, Echternach, Esch-sur-Alzette, Grevenmacher, Luxembourg, Mersch, Redange, Remich, Vianden, Wiltz

Legal system

civil law system

Constitution

history: previous 1842 (heavily amended 1848, 1856); latest effective 17 October 1868
amendment process: proposed by the Chamber of Deputies or by the monarch to the Chamber; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Chamber in two successive readings three months apart; a referendum can be substituted for the second reading if approved by more than a quarter of the Chamber members or by 25,000 valid voters; adoption by referendum requires a majority of all valid voters

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Citizenship

citizenship by birth: limited to situations where the parents are either unknown, stateless, or when the nationality law of the parents' state of origin does not permit acquisition of citizenship by descent when the birth occurs outside of national territory
citizenship by descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Luxembourg
dual citizenship recognized: yes
residency requirement for naturalization: 7 years

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory

Executive branch

chief of state: Grand Duke GUILLAUME (since 3 October 2025)
head of government: Prime Minister Luc FRIEDEN (since 17 November 2023)
cabinet: Council of Ministers recommended by the prime minister, appointed by the monarch
election/appointment process: the monarchy is hereditary; following elections to the Chamber of Deputies, monarch usually appoints the leader of the majority party or majority coalition as prime minister; deputy prime minister also appointed by the monarch; prime minister and deputy prime minister are responsible to the Chamber of Deputies

Legislative branch

legislature name

Chamber of Deputies (Chambre des députés)

legislative structure

unicameral

number of seats

60 (all directly elected)

electoral system

proportional representation

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

most recent election date

10/8/2023

parties elected and seats per party

Christian Social People's Party (CSV) (21); Democratic Party (PD/DP) (14); Socialist Workers' Party (POSL/LSAP) (11); Alternative Democratic Reform Party (ADR) (5); Greens (DEI GRÉNG) (4); Pirate Party (PIRATEN) (3); Other (2)

percentage of women in chamber

35%

expected date of next election

October 2028

Judicial branch

highest court(s): Supreme Court of Justice includes Court of Appeal and Court of Cassation (consists of 27 judges on 9 benches); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
judge selection and term of office: judges of both courts appointed by the monarch for life
subordinate courts: Court of Accounts; district and local tribunals and courts

Political parties

Alternative Democratic Reform Party or ADR
Christian Social People's Party or CSV
Democratic Party or DP
Green Party
Luxembourg Socialist Workers' Party or LSAP
Pirate Party
The Left (dei Lenk/la Gauche)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Nicole BINTNER-BAKSHIAN (since 15 August 2021)

chancery

2200 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

telephone

[1] (202) 265-4171

FAX

[1] (202) 328-8270

email address and website

[email protected]

https://washington.mae.lu/en.html

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Stacey FEINBERG (since 13 November 2025)

embassy

22 Boulevard Emmanuel Servais, L-2535 Luxembourg City

mailing address

5380 Luxembourg Place, Washington DC  20521-5380

telephone

[352] 46-01-23-00

FAX

[352] 46-14-01

email address and website

[email protected]

https://lu.usembassy.gov/

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), Australia Group, Benelux, BIS, CD, CE, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Independence

1839 (from the Netherlands)

National holiday

National Day (birthday of Grand Duke HENRI), 23 June

Flag

description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and light blue

history: the colors are derived from the Grand Duke's coat of arms

National symbol(s)

red rampant lion

National color(s)

red, white, light blue

National anthem(s)

title: “De Wilhelmus” (The William)
lyrics/music: Nikolaus WELTER
history: adopted 1919; royal anthem, for use when members of the grand ducal family enter or exit a ceremony in Luxembourg

National heritage

total World Heritage Sites: 1 (cultural)
selected World Heritage Site locales: Luxembourg City Old Quarters and Fortifications

Economy30

Economic overview

high-income EU and eurozone economy; global, highly capitalized banking sector; one of highest GDP-per-capita countries; strengthened domestic demand and lower interest rates contributing to economic growth; challenges include pension-system sustainability, labor-market dynamics, and energy price volatility

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $86.871 billion (2024 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $85.984 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $86.584 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2024: 1% (2024 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.7% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -1.1% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2024: $128,200 (2024 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $129,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $132,600 (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$93.197 billion (2024 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.1% (2024 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 3.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 6.3% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture: 0.2% (2024 est.)
industry: 9% (2024 est.)
services: 81.9% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by end use

household consumption

31.6% (2023 est.)

government consumption

18.6% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

16.1% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

1.3% (2023 est.)

exports of goods and services

217.8% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-186.7% (2023 est.)

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, barley, triticale, potatoes, pork, grapes, beef, rye, rapeseed (2023)

Industries

banking and financial services, construction, real estate services, iron, metals, and steel, information technology, telecommunications, cargo transportation and logistics, chemicals, engineering, tires, glass, aluminum, tourism, biotechnology

Industrial production growth rate

-1.1% (2024 est.)

Labor force

350,000 (2024 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2024: 6% (2024 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2022: 4.6% (2022 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

total: 20.2% (2024 est.)
male: 16.9% (2024 est.)
female: 24.2% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

17.3% (2021 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022: 34.1 (2022 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

lowest 10%: 2.9% (2022 est.)
highest 10%: 25.6% (2022 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2024: 2.6% of GDP (2024 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2022: 2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Budget

revenues: $37.951 billion (2023 est.)
expenditures: $38.263 billion (2023 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2017: 23% of GDP (2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

27.2% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2024: $12.877 billion (2024 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $9.861 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $7.509 billion (2022 est.)

Exports

Exports 2024: $202.203 billion (2024 est.)
Exports 2023: $195.294 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2022: $184.53 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - partners

Germany 18%, France 15%, Belgium 8%, Netherlands 7%, Italy 6% (2023)

Exports - commodities

iron blocks, gas turbines, plastic products, rubber tires, plastics (2023)

Imports

Imports 2024: $160.032 billion (2024 est.)
Imports 2023: $156.818 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2022: $149.751 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - partners

Belgium 26%, Germany 23%, France 10%, Netherlands 5%, USA 4% (2023)

Imports - commodities

cars, refined petroleum, electricity, plastic products, gas turbines (2023)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $2.789 billion (2024 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $2.977 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.874 billion (2022 est.)

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.95 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Energy7

Electricity access

electrification - total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Electricity

installed generating capacity: 2.212 million kW (2023 est.)
consumption: 5.87 billion kWh (2023 est.)
exports: 1.188 billion kWh (2023 est.)
imports: 6.39 billion kWh (2023 est.)
transmission/distribution losses: 141.867 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels: 10.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
solar: 37.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
wind: 55.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
hydroelectricity: -35.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.) note: Luxembourg has negative net hydroelectric power generation based on losses from use of pumped storage hydropower
biomass and waste: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Coal

consumption: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
exports: 30.2 metric tons (2022 est.)
imports: 34,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption: 51,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Natural gas

consumption: 556.63 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
imports: 552.714 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 224.651 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Communications6

Telephones - fixed lines

total subscriptions: 260,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 40 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

total subscriptions: 961,000 (2023 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 137 (2021 est.)

Broadcast media

long national tradition of operating radio and TV services for pan-European audiences; home to Europe's largest privately owned broadcast media group, the RTL Group, which operates 46 TV stations and 29 radio stations in Europe; also home to Europe's largest satellite operator, Société Européenne des Satellites (SES); domestically, the RTL Group operates TV and radio networks; other domestic private radio and TV operators and French and German stations available; satellite and cable TV services available

Internet country code

.lu

Internet users

percent of population: 99% (2024 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

total: 250,000 (2022 est.)
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 38 (2022 est.)

Transportation5

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

Airports

3 (2025)

Heliports

11 (2025)

Railways

total: 271 km (2020) 262 km electrified

Merchant marine

total: 147 (2023)
by type: bulk carrier 3, container ship 1, general cargo 24, oil tanker 4, other 115

Military & Security6

Military and security forces

Luxembourg Army (l'Armée Luxembourgeoise) (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)
Military Expenditures 2024: 1.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military Expenditures 2023: 1.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military Expenditures 2022: 0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military Expenditures 2021: 0.5% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 900 active military personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Luxembourg Army has a small mix of Western origin equipment (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18-26 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (abolished 1969) (2025)

Military - note

founded in 1881, the Luxembourg Army is responsible for the defense of the country and fulfilling the Grand Duchy’s commitments to NATO, European security, and international peacekeeping, as well as providing support to civil authorities in the event of emergencies, such as floods or disease outbreaks; the Army is an active participant in EU, NATO, and UN missions and has contributed small numbers of troops to a number of multinational operations in parts of Africa, Europe, and Asia; it trains and exercises regularly with EU and NATO partners and has contributed to the NATO battlegroup forward deployed in Lithuania since 2017; Luxembourg was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) establishing NATO in 1949

in 2015, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg signed an agreement to conduct joint air policing of their territories; under the agreement, which went into effect in January 2017, the Belgian and Dutch Air Forces trade responsibility for patrolling the skies over the three countries (2025)

Transnational Issues1

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees: 14,344 (2024 est.)
stateless persons: 85 (2024 est.)

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